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CORE (British Psychological Society), SubDepartment of Clinical Health Psychology, University College London and Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust
Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College London Medical School and Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust
Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust
Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust and Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, Wolfson Building, 48 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EY, e-mail: s.johnson{at}ucl.ac.uk
The authors are employed by Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust who funded the study.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The aim of this study was to describe the early treatment phase in first-episode psychosis in an area with well-established crisis resolution teams. Socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of initial treatment were investigated for all individuals with first-episode psychosis identified prospectively over a 1-year period in two London boroughs.
RESULTS
Over a year, 111 people presented with first-episode psychosis. Fifty-one people (46%) were initially managed in the community, with the remaining 60 (54%) admitted to in-patient units immediately. By 3 months after presentation, a total of 80 people (72%) had been admitted and 54 (49%) had been compulsorily detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. Thirty-three people were initially managed by the crisis resolution teams and 15 of these were eventually admitted.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
In a catchment area in which alternatives to admission are well developed, the admission rate for first-episode psychosis was still high.
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Studies in areas without early intervention services or services offering intensive home treatment have found high rates of admission among people with first-episode psychosis, ranging from 80% to 95% (Bhugra et al, 1997; Castle et al, 1998; Sipos et al, 2001).
There is evidence of lower rates of in-patient admissions where specific early intervention services exist (Power et al, 1998; Malla et al, 2002; Sanbrook et al, 2003; Yung et al, 2003). In Melbourne the rate of hospitalisation within 3 months fell from 86% to 63% following the introduction of a specialist early intervention service (Power et al, 1998). Admission rates as low as 54% have been reported when specialist early psychosis services are supplemented by crisis services (Cullberg et al, 2002).
A goal for early intervention services in England is to provide intensive community care following first contact with services in order to prevent admission. However, the NHS Plan (Department of Health, 2001) also requires crisis resolution teams to offer 24 h emergency assessment and intensive home treatment. Therefore, an important question for service planning is whether crisis resolution teams are capable of preventing admissions in early psychosis, thereby reducing the necessity for early intervention services to provide intensive home treatment.
Tomar et al (2003) investigated service use by patients with early psychosis referred to a crisis resolution team and found that about half were successfully managed at home. However, the study sample was small (n=40) and did not include all presentations of first-episode psychosis in the catchment area. The aim of our study was to investigate the initial treatment phase of an epidemiologically representative cohort of patients with first-episode psychosis in a defined catchment area, focusing on the extent to which well-established crisis resolution teams were able to avert admissions during the first 3 months following initial contact.
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Method |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The Camden and Islington crisis resolution teams follow the guidelines in the Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide (Department of Health, 2001) and appear to be effective in reducing admissions in the weeks following a crisis (Johnson et al, 2005a). They have a gatekeeping role, so that no patient can be admitted to hospital without an initial screening by the local crisis treatment team to determine whether home treatment is feasible. They are available 24 h a day and can offer visits at least twice daily when needed. The Islington crisis resolution teams have been the subject of a major research programme but the present study did not coincide with recruitment for either of the main evaluative studies (Johnson et al, 2005a,b).
The area also has 24 h staffed crisis houses and well-established community mental health teams, integrating both National Health Service and social care professionals. At the time of this study, there were no specialist services for first-episode psychosis in the area.
Patients
In order to identify all new presentations of psychosis throughout a 1-year
census period (2002), a researcher (M.G.) maintained contact with a range of
key informants, including psychiatrists and team managers in the crisis
resolution teams, in-patient wards, crisis houses, community mental health
teams and accident and emergency liaison teams. Contact was made with all key
informants at least once a month to confirm identification of any new
presentations.
All patients were residents of Camden and Islington and were under 65 years. All those initially identified by staff as potential cases were screened using the World Health Organization Screening Schedule for Psychosis (Jablensky et al, 1992). The Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Disorders (OPCRIT; McGuffin et al, 1991) was then used to confirm whether criteria for an ICD–10 diagnosis were met (World Health Organization, 1993). All psychotic illnesses were included (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, depression with psychotic symptoms and mania with psychotic symptoms). Patients with an organic brain disorder were excluded.
Socio-demographic details and data regarding the individual’s initial assessment and pattern of care were collected from medical notes and from interviews with primary and secondary care staff using a standardised audit tool. Information regarding informal and formal admissions within the first 3 months was also collected using this tool.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Care following initial assessment
Table 1 shows the care
provided following initial assessment for all 111 people. Sixty (54%) were
admitted to hospital immediately (41 under the Mental Health Act 1983 and 19
voluntarily). Thirty-three (30%) were managed by the crisis resolution team
and 18 (16%) by other community mental health services (11 by the community
mental health teams, 5 by the out-patient clinic and 2 by child and adolescent
services).
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Socio-demographic characteristics and management
A comparison was made between the characteristics of patients initially
taken on by the crisis resolution teams, those who were admitted immediately
and those managed by other community services
(Table 2). In all groups, most
patients were single and unemployed, but the numbers living with family were
greater than in inner city samples with established mental illness
(MacDonald et al,
1998). Those initially managed by the crisis resolution team were
younger than the groups who were admitted or managed by other community
services. Otherwise no significant differences emerged, although there was a
trend for those admitted to be more likely to live alone than those managed in
the community.
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Patterns of admission at 3 months
Figure 1 shows patterns of
admission in the 3 months after the initial assessment. By 3 months, 80 people
(72%) had been admitted and almost half (49%) had been detained compulsorily
under mental health legislation. None had been admitted to the local crisis
houses. For those admitted voluntarily after a delay, 7 were initially managed
in the community by a crisis resolution team and 1 in an out-patients
department by a psychiatrist. Of the patients initially treated in the
community but later compulsorily detained, a crisis resolution team initially
managed 8 and follow-up by a community team was the initial plan for 4. Of the
33 initially taken on by crisis resolution teams, 18 (55%) remained in the
community throughout the 3 months whereas 13 of the 18 (72%) managed by other
services remained in the community.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Our data support previous findings that admission rates are high and compulsory detention frequent among people with first-episode psychosis (Power et al, 1998; Garety & Rigg, 2001; Yung et al, 2003). In our study 60 people (54%) were admitted to hospital immediately, a figure which rose to 80 (72%) after 3 months. Sipos et al (2001) reported similar rates of admission in an area with conventional community mental health teams (53% at first contact; 80.7% at 3-year follow-up). The admission rates in our study were not much lower than in this previous study, despite the availability of well-resourced crisis resolution teams.
The crisis resolution teams initially accepted almost a third of patients but almost half of these had been admitted by 3 months, so that at 3 months only 18 people (16% of the cohort) had received support from the crisis resolution team and had remained in the community. This and the high overall admission rate suggest that if crisis resolution teams do have an impact on admission rates in first-episode psychosis in an inner city area, it is probably modest. This might result from many patients being severely unwell and lacking insight by the time of presentation or reflect the fact that although intensive home treatment for early psychosis is one of the roles of crisis resolution teams, they are not specialists in this area. The study cohort did not make use of crisis houses, even though the area’s crisis houses do admit substantial numbers of patients with psychotic illnesses (Killaspy et al, 2000). Crisis houses potentially offer care which is less stigmatising and more acceptable than conventional in-patient care: it is thus worth exploring whether the provision of crisis housing could play a greater role in the management of early psychosis.
The prevention of early admission may require the involvement of specialist services at a very early stage. Early intervention services should thus probably be involved immediately in assessments of people with first-episode psychosis rather than operating as a tertiary service (Singh & Fisher, 2004). An interesting question is whether such specialist teams, supplemented by contact with crisis resolution teams, will be able to prevent inpatient admissions for this group more effectively than crisis resolution teams alone (Cullberg et al, 2002).
Our data suggest that in-patient services remain for the present a necessary component of care for early psychosis (Sipos et al, 2001), even with the availability of intensive community treatment. Thus far most areas have set up only community teams for managing early psychosis and dedicated in-patient wards remain rare. If in-patient wards remain the first point of contact for many young people with psychotic illness, greater attention is required to making these more appropriate and acceptable than traditional in-patient services. Dedicated early psychosis in-patient services may be needed to achieve this.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  P. Shajahan and M. Taylor Outcome of acute psychiatric in-patient care where there are no crisis or home treatment teams Psychiatr. Bull., October 1, 2007; 31(10): 387 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| British Journal of Psychiatry | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | All RCPsych Journals |
