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Psychiatric Bulletin (2007) 31: 94-96. doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.106.012955
© 2007 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
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Which antipsychotics would mental health professionals take themselves?

Stephen Bleakley, Senior Pharmacist

South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust

Olubanke Olofinjana, Senior Pharmacist

South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust

David Taylor, Chief Pharmacist

South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Institute of Psychiatry, Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, email: David.Taylor{at}slam.nhs.uk

Declaration of interest

D.T. has received research funding and/or honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Lundbeck, AstraZeneca and Novartis.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
AIMS AND METHOD

Many studies report prescribing preferences for antipsychotics but few have examined what professionals would choose for themselves if they were diagnosed with schizophrenia. We asked 188 nurses, pharmacists and doctors which antipsychotic they would prefer to be prescribed.

RESULTS

Risperidone (n=49, 26.1%), olanzapine (n=49, 26.1%) and aripiprazole (n=35, 18.6%) were the most popular choices.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Professionals’ choice was in line with the latest evidence on comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics and therefore might be a sensitive indicator of the most effective antipsychotic.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
There are many studies examining the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs and a large number of prescribing guidelines that broadly recommend atypical antipsychotics as first-line agents for people with schizophrenia (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002; Lehman et al, 2004). Recently, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) suggested that differences in effectiveness can be discerned, with patients more likely to stay on olanzapine compared with quetiapine and risperidone (Lieberman et al, 2005).

Of course clinicians cannot simply prescribe ‘atypical antipsychotics’ but need repeatedly to choose an individual drug for individual patients. In clinical situations, choice may be influenced by local guidelines or restrictions and other considerations such as cost and formulation. One possible way to obviate considerations of these non-drug factors is to ask prescribers which drug they would like to be prescribed if, in a hypothetical situation, they developed psychosis.

A previous study suggested that when 54 psychiatrists were confronted with a hypothetical situation where they, their partner or child became ill with schizophrenia 94% would choose an atypical antipsychotic medication (Steinert, 2003). We aimed to update and expand this study by asking nurses, pharmacists and psychiatrists which antipsychotic they would choose if diagnosed with schizophrenia.


   Method
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
We designed a semi-structured questionnaire to investigate factors which influence the decision process when choosing antipsychotics. We collected demographic data on grade of professional, years since qualification, gender, age and area of speciality. Participants were then asked how many patients they have seen with schizophrenia over the past year and which antipsychotic they had prescribed or, in the case of nurses and pharmacists, had most experience with. We then asked professionals to imagine a hypothetical situation in which they themselves developed schizophrenia and asked them to choose an antipsychotic for themselves. Finally they were asked to give a simple reason for their choice from seven available options: adherence, dosing, efficacy, interactions, safety, tolerability, kinetic profile and cost.

Between November 2005 and February 2006 we approached staff on in-patient wards that admit patients with schizophrenia across South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (Southeast London) for inclusion in the study. We also approached all psychiatric pharmacists employed by the trust. Registered psychiatric nurses, senior house officers, psychiatrists and pharmacists were included in the study. We piloted the questionnaire on ten psychiatric pharmacists and amended the questionnaire for clarity. We interviewed individuals in private and participants were given the option of passing on any question they did not wish to answer.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Staff on 40 wards were approached for inclusion in the study. Three wards (2 general adult and 1 forensic ward) were unable to participate because of a high workload. From the 37 participating wards, 95 registered psychiatric nurses, 30 senior house officers and 35 psychiatrists (senior registrars and consultants) were entered into the study; 28 psychiatric pharmacists also participated. No one refused to take part.

Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the antipsychotics most often used in the health professionals’ practice.


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  		Table 1. Participants’ characteristics
 

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  		Table 2. Antipsychotic with which health professionals had the most experience
 

Table 3 lists the choice of antipsychotics for the hypothetical situation. Risperidone (n=49, 26.1%) and olanzapine (n=49, 26.1%) were the antipsychotics most likely to be chosen, followed by aripiprazole (n=35, 18.6%) and quetiapine (n=21, 11.2%). Only 8 participants (4.3%) would choose a conventional antipsychotic. Also of note is that 5 staff (2.7%) indicated they would not take any medication.


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  		Table 3. Antipsychotic health professionals would choose for themselves
 

The main factors that participants considered paramount in choosing an antipsychotic for themselves are shown in Table 4. Efficacy and tolerability were most frequently reported.


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  		Table 4. Factor considered most important in choosing antipsychotic for self
 


   Discussion
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
This study has shown that mental health professionals would largely choose olanzapine, risperidone or aripiprazole as treatments for themselves and consider efficacy and tolerability to be the most important factors in this choice. These preferences are, in some cases, in contrast to the drugs’ use in this unit; olanzapine seemed to be most often prescribed and aripiprazole was most often prescribed by very few psychiatrists.

It is notable that very few mental health professionals chose quetiapine, amisulpride or sulpiride: three popular antipsychotics in practice with a good reputation for tolerability. Also of interest is that only 5 of 188 participants claimed they would not take medication if diagnosed with schizophrenia. This is reassuring given that the prescription of antipsychotics is almost universal for this condition. It was also reassuring that professionals were willing to take drugs such as olanzapine which has profound adverse metabolic effects (Lieberman et al, 2005). It is also of note that many of the factors emphasised in the marketing of antipsychotics (dosing, interactions and cost) were not considered important when choosing for oneself.

In choosing an antipsychotic for themselves mental health professionals are likely to have taken into account their personal observations of the effects of the drugs as well as, perhaps to a lesser extent, published comparative data. This study asked healthcare workers to nominate what they considered to be the ‘best’ antipsychotic. The fact that very few people chose conventional agents presents support for the widespread use of the second-generation antipsychotics in practice. Interestingly, the primacy of olanzapine and risperidone in this study is in agreement with recently published effectiveness studies (Volavka et al, 2002; Lieberman et al, 2005; McEvoy et al, 2006; Stroup et al, 2006). Each of these drugs has been shown to have effectiveness advantages over conventional antipsychotics and other drugs such as quetiapine and ziprasidone. Professionals’ choice is thus very much in line with the latest evidence on comparative effectiveness: a measure which includes efficacy and tolerability. Importantly, however, this preference for olanzapine and risperidone pre-dates publication of the most compelling evidence supporting the use of these two drugs (Stroup et al, 2006). Professionals’ choice of antipsychotic for themselves might therefore be a sensitive indicator of the most effective antipsychotics.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
LEHMAN, A. F., LIEBERMAN, J. A., DIXON, L. B., et al (2004) Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia (2nd edn). American Journal of Psychiatry, 161 (suppl.), 1–56.[Free Full Text]

LIEBERMAN, J., STROUP, T. S., McEVOY, J. P., et al (2005) Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1209 –1223.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

McEVOY, J. P., LIEBERMAN, J. A., STROUP, T. S., et al (2006) Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 600 –610.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (2002) Guidance on the Use of Newer (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=TA043guidance

STEINERT, T. (2003) Which neuroleptic would psychiatrists take for themselves or their relatives? European Psychiatry, 18, 40 –41.[CrossRef][Medline]

STROUP, T. S., LIEBERMAN, J. A., McEVOY, J. P., et al (2006) Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 611 –622.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

VOLAVKA, J., CZOBOR, P., SHEITMAN, B., et al (2002) Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 255 –262.[Abstract/Free Full Text]


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Antipsychotics preferred by mental health professionals
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Antipsychotics preferred by mental health professionals
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This Article
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Right arrow Articles by Bleakley, S.
Right arrow Articles by Taylor, D.

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